Colesterone and Statine

1) Serum cholesterol and suicide in psychiatric inpatients

Authors: Anita P. Lindberg, et al.
Date: September–October 1999
Published in: Journal of Psychiatric Research, Volume 33, Number 5, pp. 381–389
Summary: The study highlights a strong correlation between hypocholesterolemia and suicidal behaviour in hospitalized psychiatric patients. The text cites it as an example of possible systemic risks related to too low cholesterol values.

2) Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials

Authors: Sattar N, et al.
Date: 2010
Published in: The Lancet, 2010; 375(9716):735–742
Summary: Meta-analysis that combines the use of statins to an increase in the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, especially with high dosages and predisposed subjects ( metabolic syndrome, overweight, altered blood sugar). In the book is also mentioned the consequent FDA modification of 2012 on the illustrative leaflets.

3) Statin Therapy and Pancreatis: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Analysis

Authors: not included in the text
Date: 2024
Published in: Cureus
Summary: Retrospective analysis confirms (according to the book) a greater incidence of pancreatititis (+33%) among the chronic statin users. In several cases symptomatology is resolved after suspension of the drug, suggesting a possible causal nexus.

4) Atorvastatin-Associated Acute Pancreatis: Case Report

Authors: not included in the text
Date: 2024
Published in: American Journal of Case Reports
Summary: Clinical case of acute pancreatitis associated with atorvastatin. The book uses it as an example of the fact that, although rare, some serious adverse reactions are documented in literature.

5) A Case of Simvastatin-Associated Pancreatis and Review of Statin Case Reports

Authors: not included in the text
Date: 2011
Published in: Pharmacotherapy
Summary: Clinical case and review of case reports linking symvastatin to pancreatitis episodes, reporting that in many cases the suspension of the drug leads to improvement.

6) Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium and Risk of First Myocardial Infarction

Authors: not included in the text
Date: 2003
Published in: AHA Journals
Summary: Study cited in the book context progression of coronary calcification and the risk of first heart attack. The text links it to the theme of arterial calcifications as a clinical paradox.

7) The paradox of cholesterol in the elderly who live in communities: is it better a higher level?

Authors: Sheng-Shu Wang; Shan-Shan Yang; Chun-Jiang Pan; Jian-Hua Wang; Hao-Wei Li; Shi-Min Chen; Jun-Kai Hao; Xue-Hang Li; Rong-Rong Li
Date: 2023
Published in: Journal of Geriatric Cardiology
Summary: Study on Chinese elders analyzing the so-called "cholesterol paradox": within normal lipid range, higher levels of total cholesterol and HDL are associated with lower cardiovascular mortality. However, residual cholesterol (RC) appears associated with greater mortality, suggesting it is a more predictive indicator in this age group.

8) The long-term increase in cholesterol is associated with a better cognitive function: evidence from a longitudinal study

Authors: Huamin Liu; Lianwu Zou; Rui Zhou; Minyi Zhang; Shanyuan Gu; Jiazhen Zheng; Daniel Nyarko Hukportie; Keyi Wu; Zhiwei Huang; Zelin Yuan; Xianbo Wu
Date: 2021
Published in: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
Summary: longitudinal study of 4.915 participants followed for 4 years. In the book it is reported that the increase in the time of non-HDL cholesterol (low to high) is associated with less risk of cognitive decline and better memory, especially in women and subjects without cardiovascular diseases.

9) Effect of statin therapy on muscle symptoms: a meta-analysis of individual data from randomized, double-blind, large-scale trials

Author: Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration
Date: 10 September 2022
Published in: The Lancet, 2022 Sep 10;400(10355):832–845
Summary: Meta-analysis of over 150,000 participants. In the book it is reported that muscle symptoms are only slightly more frequent in the first year with statins than placebo, and that over 90% of reported symptoms would not be directly attributable to statin. However, there is also a high-intensity risk increase.

10) Neurocognitive disorder related to statins: pharmacovigilance study in the real world based on the FDA system

Authors: Min Xiao; Li Li; Weiwei Zhu; Fengbo Wu; Bin Wu
Date: March 2024
Published in: Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2024 Mar;17(3):255–261
Summary: Based on FAERS data (2004–2022) that identifies a significant association between statins and neurocognitive disorders. It brings 6.959 cases and significant signs especially for pravastatina, atorvastatina and simvastatina. The association increases with age, especially over 65 years.

11) Progress in adverse reactions to statins and potential mechanisms: a systematic review

Authors: Weiwei Zeng; Huan Deng; Yuning Luo; Shilong Zhong; Min Huang; Brian Tomlinson
Date: available online from 14 December 2024
Published in: Journal of Advanced Research
Summary: Systematic review that analyzes adverse reactions to statins and possible biological mechanisms. In the book it is cited as a recent update on evidence of side effects and pathogenic hypotheses.

1) STUDENTS OF THE COLESTEROLO ALTO

1. The paradox of cholesterol in the elderly who live in communities: is it better a higher level?

Authors: Sheng-Shu Wang; Shan-Shan Yang; Chun-Jiang Pan; Jian-Hua Wang; Hao-Wei Li; Shi-Min Chen; Jun-Kai Hao; Xue-Hang Li; Rong-Rong Li
Date: 2023
Published in: Journal of Geriatric Cardiology
Summary: The study analyzes a cohort of Chinese elders and confirms the so-called "collateral paradox": within normal lipid ranges, higher levels of total cholesterol and HDL are associated with lower cardiovascular mortality. However residual cholesterol (RC) appears associated with increased mortality, resulting in potentially a more reliable indicator in the elderly.

2. The long-term increase in cholesterol is associated with a better cognitive function: evidence from a longitudinal study

Authors: Huamin Liu; Lianwu Zou; Rui Zhou; Minyi Zhang; Shanyuan Gu; Jiazhen Zheng; Daniel Nyarko Hukportie; Keyi Wu; Zhiwei Huang; Zelin Yuan; Xianbo Wu
Date: 2021
Published in: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
Summary: Studio longitudinal on 4.915 adults ≥45 years followed for 4 years. In the book it is reported that an increase in the time of non-HDL cholesterol (low to high) is associated with lower risk of global cognitive decline and memory, especially in women and in subjects without cardiovascular diseases.

2) STUDIES OF PROVOCTED DANNI

1. Serum cholesterol and suicide in psychiatric inpatients

Authors: Anita P. Lindberg, et al.
Date: September–October 1999
Published in: Journal of Psychiatric Research, 33(5), pp. 381–389
Summary: Study highlighting a strong correlation between hypocholesterolemia and suicidal behavior in hospitalized psychiatric patients. In the book it is quoted to argue that lowering cholesterol excessively can have important systemic consequences, including mood disorders.

2. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials

Authors: Sattar N, et al.
Date: 2010
Published in: The Lancet, 2010; 375(9716):735–742
Summary: Meta-analysis that associates statins with an increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes, especially with high dosages and predisposed subjects. In the book it is also linked to the 2012 FDA decision to update the statins’ illustrative leaflets with the warning of glycemic risk.

3. Neurocognitive disorder related to statins: a study of pharmacovigilance in the real world based on FDA adverse events reporting system

Authors: Min Xiao; Li Li; Weiwei Zhu; Fengbo Wu; Bin Wu
Date: March 2024
Published in: Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2024 Mar;17(3):255–261
Summary: FAERS analysis (2004–2022) that detects a significant association between use of statins and neurocognitive disorders. Identified 6.959 cases, with significant signs for pravastatina, atorvastatina and simvastatina; the signal increases with age, especially over 65 years.

4. Progress in adverse reactions to statins and potential mechanisms: a systematic review

Authors: Weiwei Zeng; Huan Deng; Yuning Luo; Shilong Zhong; Min Huang; Brian Tomlinson
Date: available online from 14 December 2024
Published in: Journal of Advanced Research
Summary: Systematic review cited as a recent update on the main adverse events associated with statins and biological mechanisms hypothesized.

5. Statistics and pancreatis: a systematic review of observational

Authors: not indicated in the text
Date: 2006
Published in: cited as systematic revision of PubMed
Summary: Nel libro viene riportata una conclusione chiave: aumento del rischio del 41% di pancreatite nei soggetti che assumono statine rispetto ai non utilizzatori.

6. Statin Therapy and Pancreatitis: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Analysis

Authors: not indicated in the text
Date: 2024
Published in: Cureus
Summary: Studio retrospettivo che conferma (secondo quanto riportato nel libro) una maggiore incidenza di pancreatite (+33%) tra gli utilizzatori cronici di statine. In molti casi i sintomi si risolvono dopo sospensione del farmaco. l

7. Studi di farmacovigilanza francesi sulla disfunzione erettile associata alle statine

Authors: Do C, et al.
Date: 2009
Published in: Drug Safety
Summary: Studi di farmacovigilanza citati nel libro che evidenziano un aumento significativo delle segnalazioni di disfunzione erettile associate alle principali statine, in particolare atorvastatina e rosuvastatina.

8. Studio integrato farmacovigilanza + randomizzazione mendeliana su atorvastatina e rischio di disfunzione erettile

Authors: Chen K, et al.
Date: 2024
Published in: non indicato nel testo
Summary: Studio citato come evidenza recente che suggerisce un possibile legame causale tra atorvastatina e rischio aumentato di disfunzione erettile.

9. Miopatia associata alle statine: enfasi sui meccanismi e sulla terapia mirata

Authors: Pierandrea Vinci; Emiliano Panizon; Letizia Maria Tosoni; Carla Cerrato; Federica Pellicori; Filippo Mearelli; Chiara Biasinutto; Nicola Fiotti; Filippo Giorgio Di Girolamo; Gianni Biolo
Date: 2021
Published in: International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS)
Summary: Revisione del 2021 sulla miopatia associata alle statine (SAMS). Riporta che l’intolleranza alle statine è tra le principali cause di non aderenza terapeutica, e che i SAMS possono variare da dolore muscolare lieve fino a rabdomiolisi potenzialmente letale. Nel testo viene indicato che i SAMS sono riportati dal 10% al 25% dei pazienti.

10. Effetto della terapia con statine sui sintomi muscolari: meta-analisi di dati individuali di partecipanti da studi randomizzati, in doppio cieco, su larga scala

Authors: Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration
Date: 10 September 2022
Published in: The Lancet, 2022 Sep 10;400(10355):832–845
Summary: Meta-analisi su 19 studi placebo + 4 studi intensivi. Riporta che i sintomi muscolari sono solo leggermente più frequenti nel primo anno con statine (RR 1,07) e che oltre il 90% delle segnalazioni non sarebbe direttamente attribuibile al farmaco. Tuttavia, regimi ad alta intensità aumentano il rischio.